Summary:
Why `$SHELL` is a bad idea:

- getenv() is not thread safe. (In practice it should work if other threads aren't calling setenv(), but still seems undesirable if we can avoid it.)
- It seems confusing for the program to have different behavior for different developers.
- Other shells besides /bin/sh may have different quoting behaviors. For instance, I don't think csh allows unescaped newlines inside single quotes.
- SHELL might be set to other non-shell-like programs in some cases. (Say, if this gets run from inside a git or mercurial hook it might end up being set to the restricted git or hg shell that only lets you run specific commands.)
Anyway, this isn't related to your diff, so nothing needs to be done for now,
but I would vote for changing this to always use /bin/sh in a future diff.

Both the C system() call and python's subprocess module appear to
always use /bin/sh and ignore $SHELL.

Reviewed By: simpkins

Differential Revision: D3867047

fbshipit-source-id: dab0e6afbe1c20ff13d9a52f212df95af425dd77

Summary:
Adding formatting support with automatic escaping of parameters. Will
subsequentyl try and make it harder for people to use non-statically determined
format strings for this.

Reviewed By: simpkins

Differential Revision: D3866174

fbshipit-source-id: 80bb5886386692643876116fbf338ca0d6986e6a

Summary:
introducing `Subprocess::shellify` to get around this. Still thinking
about how to make sure people escape arguments passing into that function. I'd
like to have something along the lines of Phabricator's `csprintf` here.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3857827

fbshipit-source-id: 8afbc9f1c62c62e0fc91782e11b808145b370933

Summary:
If you split out debug info into a separate file, folly::Symbolizer
didn't find it, and failed to include file and line number info in
backtraces.

This adds a new open mode which follows the .gnu_debuginfo link, and
uses it from ElfCache and SignalSafeElfCache.

Reviewed By: meyering, luciang

Differential Revision: D3852311

fbshipit-source-id: fec9e57378ae59fa1b82d41a163bb9cfcf9ca23c

Summary: Because it's needed with the way the portability layer works.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3863954

fbshipit-source-id: 3b682dcc2d2799f17c61fe16a4391fc9f0c2b127

Summary: Validates that we create a distinct singleton for each thread and that each such singleton is destroyed at its owning-thread's exit.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3849146

fbshipit-source-id: af878b32ecfc6c82b866d7a805e1385d74a8a5f5

Summary: It would seem the folly/Benchmark.h dependency was to pull in glog/logging.h. Include what you use.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3857112

fbshipit-source-id: 8d5bd105e10eee8f5b6e5d377d58ae84d908ed57

Summary:
Removing string::reserve() which causes O(n^2) penalty.

Fixes #477
Closes https://github.com/facebook/folly/pull/478

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3850509

Pulled By: Orvid

fbshipit-source-id: ecf44c35b2aedadc5385d23c325cacab1abfd02d

Summary:
It appears that a feature of recording exact stack usage on fibers is broken for a long time.
This diff brings it back.

Reviewed By: andriigrynenko

Differential Revision: D3847035

fbshipit-source-id: d9cf532774204b6ac2f40e1b39fd98ea06c08f55

Summary: facepaw

Reviewed By: ckwalsh

Differential Revision: D3853363

fbshipit-source-id: f863a3e3ae830256f5cff6c56f23254ff6fdee2a

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3853494

fbshipit-source-id: 23f5cadcb55a9307fb2a825fe4c53a03c5978d12

Summary: Temporarily overriding `NDEBUG` can have unexpected side-effects depending on the implementation of `<assert.h>`. Better use an explicit macro for `assert()` that we can explicitly disable.

Reviewed By: Gownta

Differential Revision: D3850717

fbshipit-source-id: b1e7fce89ab4120b0224e9c6bf668d983b3d2d31

Summary:
Switch all of the uses of `<gtest/gtest.h>` to `<folly/portability/GTest.h>`.

This is painful but necessary to get the tests to compile nicely under MSVC.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3837300

fbshipit-source-id: 7ae43a5d5ba94c8c24fa23a485f18546416e7191

Summary:
Switch all of the uses of <gmock/gmock.h> to <folly/portability/GMock.h>.

This is painful but necessary to get the tests to compile nicely under MSVC.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3837529

fbshipit-source-id: 7221dfea8f2a880919690b5b0601ca91642991ae

Summary:
Both the gtest and gmock headers include `<io.h>` on Windows, which conflicts with how the portability headers include it, so a specific include order is required before either of those headers can be included. As that's brittle and messy, create a pair of portability headers for them instead, so that those can be included instead.

This only adds the headers. The switch to using them will be done in a later pair of diffs.

Reviewed By: mzlee

Differential Revision: D3837221

fbshipit-source-id: 82a273485cdd4536f1153d958c171bfe3ec32e0b

Summary: Move fbstring_core and basic_fbstring member functions from in-situ to out-of-class inlines and refactor for readability. Remove superfluous dependence on scope_guard.

Reviewed By: ot, luciang

Differential Revision: D3795250

fbshipit-source-id: f6edca25d4771181faff9e0a4339bbaffd71a370

Summary:
[Folly] Nomenclature in `Synchronized` - prefer `read` to `shared`.

`folly::Synchronized` is a higher-level abstraction, so it will use higher-level nomenclature than will lower-level tools like `std::mutex` and `folly::LockTraits`. `shared` describes the lock state, and is used in the C++ libraries. `read` describes the class of operations that calling code is permitted to perform.

Reviewed By: simpkins

Differential Revision: D3840060

fbshipit-source-id: 4b23eaa391cb59d1eca2bfacf72db89d3c7c591e

Summary:
I'm working with a parser that requires a certain number of
contiguous bytes to be able to make forward progress. I'm also using
IOBufQueue to receive data from an AsyncReader::ReadCallback with
pre/postallocate. So, I need to call gather() to ensure that the queue's
front IOBuf has the right number of contiguous bytes available.

Reviewed By: djwatson

Differential Revision: D3838079

fbshipit-source-id: 9f1ec5c86895eb1b2b109f9f145ca42d2dbba4c6

Summary: As in title

Reviewed By: siyengar

Differential Revision: D3794648

fbshipit-source-id: f0b7052f34ecce65cf4e21d546d08c7a6b0a8ee3

Summary: Switch from #ifdef to #if so the configuration can define the macro to 0

Reviewed By: yfeldblum, Orvid

Differential Revision: D3838748

fbshipit-source-id: e287b07f0fdfdc86c882538e96f2078795b85bfd

Summary: current log entries ("E0906 AsyncSSLSocket.cpp:117] TCP connect failed: AsyncSocketException: connect failed, type = Socket not open, errno = 111 (Connection refused)") are not very helpful to debug due lack of details and can spam logs of application that uses async library without ability to disable logging

Reviewed By: djwatson

Differential Revision: D3825048

fbshipit-source-id: 1c97f14e1ea3f1b276d04bb12483d42372a0d186

Summary:
This diff allows queues to start with small capacity and expand as needed up to the specified capacity.
The main additions and changes:
- Extra template parameter `Dynamic` that enables dynamic expansion (`default 'false').
- `ClosedArray` type.
- Extra members:
  -- `dstate_`: a packed 64 bit unsigned int that contains a seqlock (which implicitly indicates the number of expansions and the lowest ticket for the current `dslots_/dcapacity_/dstride_` configuration.
 -- `dcapacity_`: current dynamic capacity.
 -- `dslots_`: current dynamic slots array. (in anonymous union with `slots_`)
 -- `dstride_`: current dynamic stride. (in anonymous union with `stride_`)
 -- `closed_` a logarithmic-sized array of ClosedArray to hold information about earlier smaller queue arrays for use by lagging consumers.

Design sketch:
- Reallocate a new larger array on expansion
- Expansion uses a seqlock. The common case critical path includes a seqlock read-only section.
- Lagging consumers and lagging blocking producers use a logarithmic-sized array for info about closed arrays
- Tickets are adjusted by an offset (to accounts for the tickets associated with earlier closed arrays) in order to calculate appropriate index and turn.
- The synching of `pushTicket_` with the ticket offset packed in `dstate_` is tricky. `pushTicket_` is accessed outside `dstate_`'s seqlock.

Reviewed By: djwatson

Differential Revision: D3462592

fbshipit-source-id: d442a7694190cca3c33753409ffac941d7463f83

Reviewed By: djwatson

Differential Revision: D3832835

fbshipit-source-id: b5cabc00758fd80b314424e4224458e2d50ddb5c

Summary:
This fixes build with Clang.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/folly/pull/470

Differential Revision: D3834865

Pulled By: nbronson

fbshipit-source-id: 02c1ca192c6b6af2cc0a8fdaa0a854510cb0bca4

Summary: This previously allowed `get_ref_default(map, 4, []{ return 6; })`, even though this would form a reference to a temporary, then **use that invalid reference**.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3802707

fbshipit-source-id: 384d965f69c9d7b6bd3f011c8eff7fe55be7023a

Summary: MSVC doesn't support the aligment attribute being after the field name.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3832314

fbshipit-source-id: 6a56db245e01922ede6b9b93eb1c8aecc835e2bf

Summary:
C++'s integer division performs truncation, but it is fairly
common that people actually want to round up.  There are actually
four rounding modes that make some sense: toward negative infinity
(floor), toward positive infinity (ceil), toward zero (truncation),
and away from zero (?).  It is pretty common that code that wants ceil
actually writes (a + b - 1) / b, which doesn't work at all for negative
values (and has a potential overflow issue).  This diff adds 4 templated
functions for performing integer division: divFloor, divCeil, divTrunc,
and divRoundAway.  They are not subject to unnecessary internal underflow
or overflow, and they work correctly across their entire input domain.

I did a bit of benchmarking across x86_64, arm64, and 32-bit ARM.
Only 32-bit ARM was different.  That's not surprising since it doesn't
have an integer division instruction, and the function that implements
integer division doesn't produce the remainder for free.  On 32-bit ARM
a branchful version that doesn't need the modulus is used.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3806743

fbshipit-source-id: c14c56717e96f135321920e64acbfe9dcb1fe039

Summary:
Changed DSched interface for managing auxiliary functions to allow separate auxiliary functions for single actions (applicable to the next shared access by a specific thread) and repeating actions (applicable to all subsequent shared accesses).

[Note: I have a dependent diff that depends on both this diff and the diff for dynamic MPMCQueue (/D3462592). I don't think I can submit a diff that depends on multiple diffs that haven't landed yet. So, I'll wait until this one lands.]

Reviewed By: djwatson

Differential Revision: D3792669

fbshipit-source-id: 52654fffda2dc905b19ff91f4459f15da11f7735

Summary:
The previous version assumed that `RegionSize` would always be the full size of the allocation done by `VirtualAlloc`. However, `RegionSize` actually only includes the following pages that have the same attributes, so, if you change the access permissions via `mprotect`, the `RegionSize` would exclude that region, which is not what was intended.
This instead stores the length and a dummy magic value after the end of the requested allocation.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3812949

fbshipit-source-id: 53bbbcc371accbed08adaffa82fc082ec44f316f

Summary:
We were doing an unnecessary and wasteful string conversion in the
SocketAddr codepath.  This eliminates it.  I also noticed we had an off-by-one
in the "convert string to char buffer" code path, so I added a test to confirm
the bug and fixed it.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum, meyering

Differential Revision: D3817959

fbshipit-source-id: 51fed8331ab23c0888a3d1f9e0cc9cea5ea8329b

Summary:
This gets the socket portability layer functional enough that most of the socket tests are passing, the few that are left are depending on specific error messages.
This also switches all of the additional overloads for some of the socket functions to forward to a single implementation, to make adjustments to these functions easier in the future. (most of the functions already needed adjustments and would have had to change regardless)

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3814011

fbshipit-source-id: c6793ee74a91d9e164775a2d52c96f54b28b9f24

Summary:
This code compiles and is causing stack overflow at runtime:

```
using F = folly::Function<void()>;
void foo(F);

F bar;
auto baz = [bar = std::move(bar)] {
  foo(std::move(bar));
};
baz();
```

The bug there is that `baz` is missing `mutable` keyword, so when
constructing argument for `foo`, `F(const F&&)` is called, which is selecting
`template <typename Fun> F(Fun&&)` (where `Fun = F const`) and we end up in
an infinite `F<Fun>(Fun&&) <-> F<Fun>(Fun&&, SmallTag|HeapTag)` cycle.

This diff transforms this easy-to-make-bug into compile-time error.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3810269

fbshipit-source-id: f80a18ab02bd0715d692cf67c3c8943f557c2982

Summary:
itshappening

Need to override unit test failures after repeated landing failures unrelated
to the change.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3803301

fbshipit-source-id: b6581e3d2ff6baba57eb0f61b890a61107118bf7

Summary: Now builds correctly

Reviewed By: meyering

Differential Revision: D3763879

fbshipit-source-id: e272fbcc28a74fcf36b63a0135534c5063a7c4ee

Summary: Fix code that is transitively including ScopeGuard.h via FBString.h.

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3801328

fbshipit-source-id: 7e1dc37cd6dd3aa691dd1baf31385d3a8c51eed0

Summary: Make sure exception is propagated to caller (especially when Observer is just created).

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3798991

fbshipit-source-id: cee8452cfd40dcfbaf0e2ae2c2ee628af0362c6e

Summary:
Minor changes. Simplified the memory-handling explanation; also fixed some grammar issues and re-worded some confusing paragraphs. (I suggest reading the edited and unedited versions separately.)
Closes https://github.com/facebook/folly/pull/459

Reviewed By: simpkins

Differential Revision: D3779296

Pulled By: Orvid

fbshipit-source-id: 24b086cbd0b67e4c592731aeec6a7ffc14ff0319

Summary:
Update TimeseriesHistogram::rate(int level) to have a configurable return type,
similar to the rate(TimeType start, TimeType end) function, as well as the
avg() functions.  I believe it was simply an oversight initially that this
version of rate did not have a configurable return type.

Since rate() and avg() are template methods, their full definitions should
really be available in TimeseriesHistogram.h rather than
TimeseriesHistogram-defs.h.  This also fixes that problem.  Most of the logic
in these functions isn't actually dependent on the return type, so that was
split out into separate non-template helper functions that are still in
TimeseriesHistogram-defs.h

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3776017

fbshipit-source-id: 7deebf5b9ea1be143b5d772a15246706cb0cae80

Summary:
Default namespace for GFlags has been changed from "google" to "gflags".

See: https://github.com/gflags/gflags/commit/d9d06b9.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/folly/pull/466

Reviewed By: yfeldblum

Differential Revision: D3787144

Pulled By: Orvid

fbshipit-source-id: db7bcaf4e2bcd46b022a48b17b50ef155570f296

Summary:
Move ThreadLocal object destruction to occur under the lock to avoid races.
This causes a few cascading changes - the Tag lock needs to be a recursive_mutex so
constructing a new object while destroying another st. Also, forking requires
a new mutex to avoid deadlocking on accessing a recursive_mutex across a fork()

Reviewed By: andriigrynenko

Differential Revision: D3755446

fbshipit-source-id: f1f1f92175eb39e77aaa2add6915e5c9bb68d0fb