Allow `mrb_static_assert()` to be used outside of functions

The use of `struct` is an idea by @dearblue.

Note that the home brew version of `mrb_static_assert` only works within
the function body.  This reverts commit 8f99689b.

Merge mruby 2.1.2

Extend the `cipush()` and `cipop()` functions

Improve `rake benchmark`

- Use POSIX format instead of GNU extension for `time` command.
  For example FreeBSD's `time(1)` does not have GNU extensions available.
- Sort `benchmark/bm_*.rb`.
  This is because the order of the bar graph cannot be uniquely
  determined depending on the result of `Dir.glob`.

- Remove ` kh_put_prepare` function used only internally
- Remove `n_occupied` member from `kh_` struct

`puts` should print newline when called without arguments.

The function corresponding to `ht_hash_func()` was as follows in the days of
khash implementation (before d78acc7a).

  ```c
  mrb_hash_ht_hash_func(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value key)
  {
    enum mrb_vtype t = mrb_type(key);
    ...
    switch (t) {
    ...
    default:
      hv = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "hash", 0);
      h = (khint_t)t ^ (khint_t)mrb_fixnum(hv);
      break;
    }
    ...
  }
  ```

When switched to the segmented list implementation (d78acc7a), this function
was changed as follows.

  ```c
  sg_hash_func(mrb_state *mrb, seglist *t, mrb_value key)
  {
    enum mrb_vtype tt = mrb_type(key);
    ...
    switch (tt) {
    ...
    default:
      hv = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "hash", 0);
      h = (size_t)t ^ (size_t)mrb_fixnum(hv);
      break;
    }
    ...
  }
  ```

Since the argument `t` was added, the variable for type tag was changed from
`t` to `tt`, but the variable used in the expression of `h` remained `t`.

Probably this is an omission of change, so fixed it.

ref c07f24cd and close #5035

Update document for `ObjectSpace.memsize_of` [ci skip]

- Returns the updated call info.
- Unify the processing around `cipush()`.
- `cipop()` restores the stack.

The `recurse` keyword is removed by f00657ea.

Use type tag for hash code in `ht_hash_func()`

The function corresponding to `ht_hash_func()` was as follows in the days of
khash implementation (before d78acc7a).

  ```c
  mrb_hash_ht_hash_func(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value key)
  {
    enum mrb_vtype t = mrb_type(key);
    ...
    switch (t) {
    ...
    default:
      hv = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "hash", 0);
      h = (khint_t)t ^ (khint_t)mrb_fixnum(hv);
      break;
    }
    ...
  }
  ```

When switched to the segmented list implementation (d78acc7a), this function
was changed as follows.

  ```c
  sg_hash_func(mrb_state *mrb, seglist *t, mrb_value key)
  {
    enum mrb_vtype tt = mrb_type(key);
    ...
    switch (tt) {
    ...
    default:
      hv = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "hash", 0);
      h = (size_t)t ^ (size_t)mrb_fixnum(hv);
      break;
    }
    ...
  }
  ```

Since the argument `t` was added, the variable for type tag was changed from
`t` to `tt`, but the variable used in the expression of `h` remained `t`.

Probably this is an omission of change, so fixed it.

Improve `mruby-os-memsize`

If it qualify a return type that is not a pointer with `const`, the
compiler ignores it.

And, in the calculation of the instance variable size, the fraction was
always rounded down because of division of integers, so fix it.

At the same time, test items that are no longer passed due to this
change are deleted.