feat(CI): check for trailing whitespace

Run on pull request only.
Use a shell script to check for trailing whitespace in all files.
Fail if trailing whitespace is found.

refactor: only use certified GitHub Actions to increase security

Official -> "The individual jobs in a workflow can interact with (and compromise) other jobs. For example, a job querying the environment variables used by a later job, writing files to a shared directory that a later job processes, or even more directly by interacting with the Docker socket and inspecting other running containers and executing commands in them.

This means that a compromise of a single action within a workflow can be very significant, as that compromised action would have access to all secrets configured on your repository, and can use the GITHUB_TOKEN to write to the repository. Consequently, there is significant risk in sourcing actions from third-party repositories on GitHub. "

https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/security-hardening-for-github-actions#using-third-party-actions

Update compile prerequisites in `doc/guides/compile.md` [ci skip]

Check if `esclen` is smaller than `len` (original string length).

Bison and gperf are optional.

- Remove Ubuntu-16.04
- Add Ubuntu-20.04 {gcc,clang}

Fix build `mruby-catch` gem without presym

Add `UncaughtThrowError#{tag,value}` for Ruby compatibility

Remove "skip ci" hack to GitHub Actions [skip travis][skip appveyor]

GitHub Actions now supports "skip ci" natively:
https://github.blog/changelog/2021-02-08-github-actions-skip-pull-request-and-push-workflows-with-skip-ci/

It used to return `mrb_ssize` but its size may differ from `mrb_int`,
e.g. `MRB_INT64` on `MRB_32BIT` architecture.

Merge pull request #5334 from shuujii/avoid-possibility-of-reading-uninitialized-areas-in-h_check_modified

Avoid possibility of reading uninitialized areas in `h_check_modified()`

In `h_check_modified()`, in the case of `MRB_NO_BOXING`, `ht_ea()` or
`ht_ea_capa()` for AR may read uninitialized area. Therefore, do not use
those macros for AR in `MRB_NO_BOXING` (but in the case of `MRB_64BIT`,
`ht_ea_capa()` is the same as `ar_ea_capa()`, so use it).

fix #5332

Binary gems description added, along with a few cosmetic changes.

Binary gems are mrbgems that set `spec.bins` in their `mrbgem.rake`,
and usually their names are prefixed with `mruby-bin-`.

Especially description regarding the build process and `build` directory
structures, along with some typo fixes and cosmetic changes.

Fix heap-buffer-overflow for small `Hash` (HT) in `Hash#rehash`

- Move `#catch` definition to `mruby-catch.c` to avoid tweaking
- Remove `#__preserve_catch_method`
- Implement whole `#throw` method in C

### Example

##### example.rb

```ruby
h = {}
(1..17).each{h[_1] = _1}
(1..16).each{h.delete(_1)}
h.rehash
```

##### ASAN report

```console
$ bin/mruby example.rb
==52587==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow on address 0x602000006998 at pc 0x55a29cddf96b bp 0x7fff7b1b1720 sp 0x7fff7b1b1710
READ of size 4 at 0x602000006998 thread T0
    #0 0x55a29cddf96a in ib_it_next /mruby/src/hash.c:639
    #1 0x55a29cde2ca2 in ht_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:900
    #2 0x55a29cde379f in h_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:996
    #3 0x55a29cde7f3d in mrb_hash_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:1735
    #4 0x55a29ce77b62 in mrb_vm_exec /mruby/src/vm.c:1451
    #5 0x55a29ce5fa88 in mrb_vm_run /mruby/src/vm.c:981
    #6 0x55a29ceb87e1 in mrb_top_run /mruby/src/vm.c:2874
    #7 0x55a29cf36bdf in mrb_load_exec mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y:6805
    #8 0x55a29cf36f25 in mrb_load_detect_file_cxt mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y:6848
    #9 0x55a29cdba0a2 in main /mruby/mrbgems/mruby-bin-mruby/tools/mruby/mruby.c:347
    #10 0x7f24ef43b0b2 in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x270b2)
    #11 0x55a29cdb4a6d in _start (/mruby/bin/mruby+0x2a3a6d)

0x602000006998 is located 0 bytes to the right of 8-byte region [0x602000006990,0x602000006998)
allocated by thread T0 here:
    #0 0x7f24f01cfffe in __interceptor_realloc (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0x10dffe)
    #1 0x55a29ceb9440 in mrb_default_allocf /mruby/src/state.c:68
    #2 0x55a29cdba747 in mrb_realloc_simple /mruby/src/gc.c:228
    #3 0x55a29cdba928 in mrb_realloc /mruby/src/gc.c:242
    #4 0x55a29cde12e5 in ht_init /mruby/src/hash.c:749
    #5 0x55a29cde2b8e in ht_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:897
    #6 0x55a29cde379f in h_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:996
    #7 0x55a29cde7f3d in mrb_hash_rehash /mruby/src/hash.c:1735
    #8 0x55a29ce77b62 in mrb_vm_exec /mruby/src/vm.c:1451
    #9 0x55a29ce5fa88 in mrb_vm_run /mruby/src/vm.c:981
    #10 0x55a29ceb87e1 in mrb_top_run /mruby/src/vm.c:2874
    #11 0x55a29cf36bdf in mrb_load_exec mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y:6805
    #12 0x55a29cf36f25 in mrb_load_detect_file_cxt mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y:6848
    #13 0x55a29cdba0a2 in main /mruby/mrbgems/mruby-bin-mruby/tools/mruby/mruby.c:347
    #14 0x7f24ef43b0b2 in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x270b2)
```

Ruby 2.5 is the oldest maintained version.

Explicit top level task to clarify in `tasks/test.rake`

Along with some refactoring on `mruby-math` tests.

When there is a corresponding tag, the `RBreak` object is used to make a global jump.

Like CRuby, it can't be caught by `rescue`.
It is also the same as CRuby that it can be canceled in the middle by `ensure`.

 ### How to find the corresponding tag with `throw`

The called `catch` method remains in the call stack, and the tag also remains in the stack at that time.
So it is possible to find the called location by searching the two.

Note that no method can be given to the `proc` object specified in `RBreak`.
Therefore, inside the `catch` method, the argument block is called in a seemingly meaningless closure.

Also, as a countermeasure against `alias` etc., the `proc` object, which is the body of the `catch` method, is saved when mrbgem is initialized.

Both MinGW and MSVC provide _WIN32 macro.